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Abstract Metagenomics provides insights into the potential of microorganisms to mediate key biogeochemical processes encoded in ecosystem models. Efforts have been made to model gene abundance changes, but it is unclear how much gene abundance variation can be explained by modeled biogeochemical rates alone. We compare the relative abundance of 32 genes having the potential for photosynthesis, nitrification, denitrification, and sulfur cycling with rates predicted by a model in the Chesapeake Bay. Modeled rates explained a significant amount of gene abundance variation for half of the genes examined and at least one gene involved in four of five processes examined. An average of 21.3% of gene abundance variability is explained by the modeled rates, which increases to 31.8% when considering the 16 genes with significant relationships. For photosynthesis and denitrification, rates represent the behavior of some taxonomic groups (cyanobacteria and gammaproteobacteria) better than others (eukaryotic algae and Bacteroidetes). Significant correlations between sulfur cycling rates and genes appear for oxidative but not reductive forms of the relevant genes. The marker genesamoABwere not significantly correlated with nitrification rates. However, another gene involved in nitrification but not considered a marker gene (hao) was significantly correlated. This work demonstrates modeled rates often but not always and capture a significant amount variation of genes encoding enzymes involved in the modeled processes. Other factors, like temperature‐dependent rates or cell transport, may need to be incorporated into models to explain more variation in gene abundance. Doing so could be a useful quality control for microbial processes encoded in ecosystem‐level biogeochemical models. 

The electronic and nuclear dynamics inside molecules are essential for chemical reactions, where different pathways typically unfold on ultrafast timescales. Extreme ultraviolet (XUV) light pulses generated by free-electron lasers (FELs) allow atomic-site and electronic-state selectivity, triggering specific molecular dynamics while providing femtosecond resolution. Yet, time-resolved experiments are either blind to neutral fragments or limited by the spectral bandwidth of FEL pulses. Here, we combine a broadband XUV probe pulse from high-order harmonic generation with an FEL pump pulse to observe dissociation pathways leading to fragments in different quantum states. We temporally resolve the dissociation of a specific O₂⁺state into two competing channels by measuring the resonances of ionic and neutral fragments. This scheme can be applied to investigate convoluted dynamics in larger molecules relevant to diverse science fields.